This story was originally published as part of an “Architectural Movements 101” package in Dwell’s May 2007 issue.

In 1966 the Museum of Modern Art made the reckless decision to sponsor the publication of what an aspiring young architect named Robert Venturi described as “a gentle manifesto.” It was anything but gentle:  “I am for messy vitality over obvious unity,” he declared, and went on to celebrate an architecture of ambiguity, complexity, and contradiction. This was heresy.

Since its founding, modernism had stood for clarity of meaning; Venturi demanded richness of meaning; where modernism insisted upon an exclusive program of “either-or,” Venturi boldly called for an inclusive approach that was “both-and”; modernists saw the world as black or white; Venturi coyly straddled the fence: “I prefer black and white,” he countered, “and sometimes gray.”

Abruptly, the spell was broken. It was  not so much that modernism was finished—although plenty of obituaries have been written—but that it had lost its monopoly. Color made its first, tentative appearance in architecture after 40 years of white plaster and black steel; undulating surfaces, historical references, and seemingly contradictory but deliberate juxtapositions became the visual emblems of what first became known as the post-modern, and then the postmodern. “Pastiche” suddenly ceased to be an insult and became a badge of honor to be worn proudly by a newly emboldened generation.